Integrative Assessment of Ficus septica as a Functional Phytogenic Additive: Nutritional, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Efficacy in Betta picta Challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila
Abstract
The ornamental fish industry is increasingly turning to sustainable, plant-based alternatives to antibiotics for disease prevention and health management. Ficus septica, a tropical medicinal plant rich in bioactive phytochemicals, shows promise as a functional feed additive, yet its application in ornamental aquaculture remains underexplored. This study evaluated the nutritional profile, antioxidant capacity, and immunomodulatory effects of F. septica leaf extract in the native and threatened species Betta picta challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Proximate analysis revealed moderate protein content (18.6%), high fiber (21.4%), and digestible carbohydrates (NFE: 34.9%). Amino acid profiling showed elevated levels of arginine and lysine. Phytochemical screening detected high concentrations of total phenolics (94.5 mg/g) and flavonoids (41.2 mg/g). Antioxidant assays demonstrated strong radical scavenging activity (DPPH IC₅₀ = 52.4 µg/mL; ABTS IC₅₀ = 46.7 µg/mL). In feeding trials, fish supplemented with 2.0% F. septica extract exhibited significantly reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β), lower nitric oxide production, increased anti-inflammatory IL-10, and improved survival rates (91.7%) compared to infected controls (43.3%). This is the first study to demonstrate the immunonutritional efficacy of F. septica in B. picta, supporting its potential as a biofunctional, antibiotic-free feed additive for sustainable ornamental aquaculture and the conservation of native fish species.
Keywords: antioxidant; bioactive; flavonoids; functional feed; immunity; phytochemicals.
DOI：https://doi.org/10.62321/issn.1000-1298.2025.6.7
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